c++ - Is < faster than

I'm reading a book where the author says that if( a < 901 ) is faster than if( a <= 900 ).

Not exactly as in this simple example, but there are slight performance changes on loop complex code. I suppose this has to do something with generated machine code in case it's even true.

Answer

No, it will not be faster on most architectures. You didn't specify, but on x86, all of the integral comparisons will be typically implemented in two machine instructions:

• A test or cmp instruction, which sets EFLAGS


• And a Jcc (jump) instruction, depending on the comparison type (and code layout):
  
  
  
  • jne - Jump if not equal --> ZF = 0
  
  
  • jz - Jump if zero (equal) --> ZF = 1
  
  
  • jg - Jump if greater --> ZF = 0 and SF = OF
  
  
  • (etc...)
  
  

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Example (Edited for brevity) Compiled with $ gcc -m32 -S -masm=intel test.c

    if (a < b) {
        // Do something 1
    }

Compiles to:

    mov     eax, DWORD PTR [esp+24]      ; a
    cmp     eax, DWORD PTR [esp+28]      ; b
    jge     .L2                          ; jump if a is >= b
    ; Do something 1
.L2:

And

    if (a <= b) {
        // Do something 2
    }

Compiles to:

    mov     eax, DWORD PTR [esp+24]      ; a

    cmp     eax, DWORD PTR [esp+28]      ; b
    jg      .L5                          ; jump if a is > b
    ; Do something 2
.L5:

So the only difference between the two is a jg versus a jge instruction. The two will take the same amount of time.

---

I'd like to address the comment that nothing indicates that the different jump instructions take the same amount of time. This one is a little tricky to answer, but here's what I can give: In the Intel Instruction Set Reference, they are all grouped together under one common instruction, Jcc (Jump if condition is met). The same grouping is made together under the Optimization Reference Manual, in Appendix C. Latency and Throughput.

Latency — The number of clock cycles that are required for the
execution core to complete the execution of all of the μops that form
an instruction.

Throughput — The number of clock cycles required to
wait before the issue ports are free to accept the same instruction
again. For many instructions, the throughput of an instruction can be

significantly less than its latency

The values for Jcc are:

      Latency   Throughput
Jcc     N/A        0.5

with the following footnote on Jcc:

7) Selection of conditional jump instructions should be based on the recommendation of section Section 3.4.1, “Branch Prediction Optimization,” to improve the predictability of branches. When branches are predicted successfully, the latency of jcc is effectively zero.

So, nothing in the Intel docs ever treats one Jcc instruction any differently from the others.

If one thinks about the actual circuitry used to implement the instructions, one can assume that there would be simple AND/OR gates on the different bits in EFLAGS, to determine whether the conditions are met. There is then, no reason that an instruction testing two bits should take any more or less time than one testing only one (Ignoring gate propagation delay, which is much less than the clock period.)

---

Edit: Floating Point

This holds true for x87 floating point as well: (Pretty much same code as above, but with double instead of int.)

        fld     QWORD PTR [esp+32]
        fld     QWORD PTR [esp+40]
        fucomip st, st(1)              ; Compare ST(0) and ST(1), and set CF, PF, ZF in EFLAGS
        fstp    st(0)
        seta    al                     ; Set al if above (CF=0 and ZF=0).

        test    al, al
        je      .L2
        ; Do something 1
.L2:

        fld     QWORD PTR [esp+32]
        fld     QWORD PTR [esp+40]
        fucomip st, st(1)              ; (same thing as above)
        fstp    st(0)
        setae   al                     ; Set al if above or equal (CF=0).

        test    al, al
        je      .L5
        ; Do something 2
.L5:
        leave
        ret